The Less You Burn, the More You Earn Free Essays

string(75) The fiber is either in a vacuum or in a blend of argon/nitrogen gas. Blueprint Thesis: In request to set aside cash and cut costs, it is basic that one uses various types of vitality proficient lights. * Light Fixtures * Light installations are the gadgets that hold the lights you use * In request to have a light in your home you must have a light apparatus to hold it. * Since there are a wide range of sorts of lights there must be distinctive light apparatuses * I. We will compose a custom article test on The Less You Burn, the More You Earn or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now e. , fluorescent, LED, and your essential brilliant, and so forth * Light Bulbs * Light bulbs are what give you that superb discharge of light. Lights change from various sizes to various shapes and various hues * They additionally are appraised distinctive wattage and voltage * Depending on the bulb these key variables could endanger your vitality bills * Types of Light Bulbs * There are a few sorts of lights that are utilized for various reasons * Incandescent Bulbs-these are the standard bulbs that a great many people know about. Brilliant bulbs work by utilizing power to warm a tungsten fiber in the bulb until it gleams. The fiber is either in a vacuum or in a blend of argon/nitrogen gas. You read The Less You Burn, the More You Earn in classification Article models Halogen Bulbs-halogen bulbs are a variety of brilliant bulb innovation. These bulbs work by going power through a tungsten fiber, which is encased in a cylinder containing halogen gas. This halogen gas makes a synthet ic response occur which expels the tungsten from the mass of the glass and stores it back onto the fiber. This expands the life of the bulb. * Fluorescent Bulbs-These bulbs work by going a current through a cylinder loaded up with argon gas and mercury. This produces bright radiation that assaults the phosphorous covering making it discharge light. Bulb life is exceptionally long †10,000 to 20,000 hours * Compact Fluorescent Lamps-reduced Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are a cutting edge kind of lights, that work like bright light bulbs, however in an a lot littler bundle. Like customary bright light bulbs, they produce little warmth and are exceptionally proficient. They are accessible to fit screw type base fittings and pin type (snap-in). Most CFLs either comprise of various short glass sticks, or a few little cylindrical circles. * High-Intensity Discharge Lamps-High Pressure Sodium (HPS), Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor and Self-Ballasted Mercury Lamps are for the most part high power release lights (HID). Except for self-ballasted lights, helper hardware, for example, balances and starters must be accommodated appropriate beginning and activity of each kind bulb. Contrasted with fluorescent and brilliant lights, HID lights produce an enormous amount of light from a generally little bulb. * Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps-Low-pressure sodium lights have the most elevated adequacy of all monetarily accessible lighting sources. Despite the fact that they radiate a yellow light, a low-pressure sodium light shouldn’t be mistaken for a standard high-pressure sodium light. Low-pressure sodium lights work a lot of like a fluorescent light and require balance. * LED (Light Emitting Diodes)- Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are bulbs without a fiber, that are low in power utilization and have a long life expectancy. LEDs are simply beginning to match ordinary lighting, however tragically they just don’t have the yield (lumen) expected to totally supplant brilliant, and other sort, bulbs at this time. Never the less, innovation is progressing regular, and it won't be long until the LED bulb will be the bulb of decision for most applications in the home and work place. Various Lights Can Save Energy and Cut Costs Different lighting can assault someone’s spending plan, both emphatically and adversely; positive is the thing that we focus on. There are an assortment of bulbs, or lights, that set aside individuals cash. There are LED’s, CFL’s and some more. Planning a person’s lighting in their home can set aside people cash to investigate other fun exercises on their off time, such as setting off to the sea shore, or purchasing another vehicle or putting resources into a first class lighting framework for their home. All prospects when one essentially switches a bulb. Let’s first investigate a run of the mill home apparatus for general lighting. â€Å"Let’s state customers as of now have 60-watt radiant bulbs and are utilized six hours per day. The normal U. S. home power cost is 12 pennies for each kilowatt-hour the kilowatt-hour (represented kWh) is a unit of vitality equal to one kilowatt (1 kW) of intensity consumed for 60 minutes (1 h) of time, as indicated by the latest information from the U. S. Vitality Information Administration. So if shoppers pay 12 pennies for every kWh, and that light uses 60 watts x 6 hours x 365 = 131. 4 kWh a year, that’s costing them $16 per year. (Kremer) In request to set aside cash and cut costs, it is basic that customers utilize various types of vitality proficient lights. It might be confounding yet everybody should realize what befalls their electrical bill when they have certain lights. Actually, the normal family should recognize what sorts of lights and how much cash they are spendi ng on this utility. There are various kinds of lights and they each have various attributes, which you should pay heed and research in like manner. Lights branch in various ways, regardless of whether it is bar lighting, to family unit lighting, or grocery store lighting to club lights. In any case, these lights must be painstakingly chosen to set aside cash. Lights come in different shapes, estimates, and even hues. Given what size of light you have likewise decides what wattage and voltage you have on your lights, which thus will make those kilowatt-hours go up. There are a few sorts of lights, and various organizations make them. They are glowing, halogen, fluorescent, smaller fluorescent lights, high-power release lights, low-pressure sodium lights, and LED (Light Emitting Diodes). Contingent upon what lights you incline toward you may not get the correct vitality sparing lights you shout out for. Brilliant, these are the ordinary bulbs that a great many people know about. Brilliant bulbs work by utilizing power to warm a tungsten fiber in the bulb until it sparkles. The fiber is either in a vacuum or in a blend of argon or nitrogen gas. The majority of the vitality spent by the bulb is radiated as warmth, causing its lumens per watt execution to be low. On account of the filament’s high temperature, the tungsten will in general vanish and move to the sides of the light. The regular brokenness in the fiber makes it become more slender rapidly. At the point when a bulb is turned on, the unexpected progression of vitality can make different zones heat up quicker than the remainder of the bulb, which thus makes the fiber break and the bulb to wear out. A standard brilliant bulb can last as long as 1000 hours. (West) Halogen bulbs are a variety of the brilliant bulb. These bulbs likewise utilize a tungsten fiber, which is encased in a cylinder containing halogen gas. This halogen gas makes a synthetic response occur which expels the tungsten from the mass of the glass and stores it back onto the fiber. This expands the life of the bulb. All together for the bulbs response to make the bulb should be more sultry than the customary glowing bulb. The terrible news is that the more sizzling the bulb, the speedier your discarding that awful kid. â€Å"Care must be taken not to contact the glass some portion of the bulb with our fingers. The oils from our fingers will debilitate the glass and abbreviate the bulb’s life. Commonly this makes the bulb burst when the fiber at last wears out. † (Kremer) Fluorescent lights are utilized in family unit conditions just as business. These lights work by going a current through a cylinder loaded up with argon gas and mercury. These bulbs additionally last a long while up to very nearly 20,000 hours of light. (West) Fluorescent lights are likewise extremely proficient, creating next to no warmth, in contrast to halogen or glowing bulbs. Fluorescent lights require a counterbalance to settle the current through the light, and to give the underlying striking voltage required to begin the bend release. This expands the expense of bright light installations, despite the fact that one balance is shared between at least two lights. A light-discharging diode (LED) is a semiconductor chip that transmits light when directing current. LED’s are helpful because of their capacity to emanate almost all assortments of light. This has prompted their utilization as a light hotspot for a wide scope of uses from: status pointer lights to traffic signals. LED’s are the most peculiar and vitality sparing lights you can have that produce a similar measure of light as some other glowing or bright lights. Despite the fact that, LED’s that produce a range of obvious light have been under steady improvement since the 1960’s, as of late have LED’s seen large scale manufacturing for family unit items, making the vitality sparing thought increasingly genuine. (Vitality Star) Retrofitting, the way toward changing lights from old to new, is a major piece of the electrical business. While accomplishing retro fit work, there are numerous open doors for supplanting out of date lights with fresher cost-productive lights. This won't just outcome in decreased vitality costs, yet as a rule gives equivalent or better-quality lighting. Vitality Star, the main program in vitality proficiency and natural wellbeing, is a part of the U. S EPA and the DoE. In 1992 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presented Energy Star as an intentional naming system intended to distinguish and elevate vitality proficient items to decrease ozone harming substance discharges. PCs and screens were the principal named items. In 1995 they gradually began to move towards warming and c

Empowerment Approach to Human Services Management Paper Essay

In hierarchical dynamic, numerous people ought to be engaged with request to guarantee that everybody included or contacted by authoritative exercises somehow isn't influenced adversely by the choices settled on and showed up at by chiefs. Counseling broadly before settling on a choice empowers leaders in the association settle on all-round and educated choices, and choices that fulfill any individual who is in any capacity associated with the association (Donna, 2012). In an association, customers are the ones who are served by the association. The undertakings of customers are influenced legitimately by some random choice made. Client’s incorporation in dynamic procedure would be of incredible importance in causing them to feel to be to a greater degree a piece of the authoritative exercises. Customers would be remembered for the dynamic procedure through mentioning them to offer their thoughts by dropping them in drop encloses the association. The conclusions given by the customers in the feeling drop boxes would be considered by the administration when settling on choices in different areas of the association. Another way that the association would remember customers for the dynamic procedure is by normally reaching customers through email and through calls and asking the customers inquiries on the different administrations offered by the association. Client’s reaction would either advocate for development in specific zones of hierarchical exercises or express their fulfillment for the administrations advertised. The thoughts and assessments of the customers would be joined in the wake of being broke down so more noteworthy center should be possible to change activities in zones that customers are disappointed with (Adams, 2013). Enabling buyers is one of the imperative things an association would participate in improving a positive and cozy connection between the association and the customers. Estimating would assume a fundamental job in guaranteeing that customersâ have access to quality items and administrations by the association. Costs of the various items and administrations of the association ought to be showcase explicit. The financial ability and extra cash of customers ought to be placed into thought in setting costs for the items and administrations offered by the association. By coordinating costs with the monetary ability of a people, it would be a lot simpler to for clients to get to the items and administrations without stressing or trading off and going for different results of lower quality (Donna, 2012). Administrations to purchasers of the items and administrations of the association would be increased since the sort of administrations offered decides if clients are held and it is a methods for pulling in new clients. Laborers in the association would be required to approach customers with deference and serve them steadily so they feel welcome. Laborers who are straightforwardly communicating with customers would have a set of accepted rules that would control their activities. Misusing clients improperly would be dependent upon punishments. Meeting Diverse Cultural Needs Since individuals and clients to be explicit originated from various social foundations, considering and understanding the social foundation and practices of each market specialty. In guaranteeing that the authoritative exercises don't struggle with the way of life of customers and that they suit the necessities of the way of life, the accompanying would be finished by the association; In presenting chiefs on better places where the association works, the association would guarantee that the administrators are completely mindful of the way of life of the individuals of the districts where they are posted. Administrators are the guide and controllers of the different exercises that an association and these exercises ought to be coordinated and appointed in agreement or in accordance with the way of life of the individuals of a spot. This would guarantee that the association supplements and don't sabotage the social acts of individuals (Adams, 2013). Notices could be a reason for strug gle between the way of life of a people and the association. Absolutely, commercial is done so as to meet certain objectives and goals. Promoting ought to be done in accordance with the way of life of the individuals. Commercials done ought not sabotage the way of life of the individuals. The issues of the individuals as far as their way of life are similarly significant since the individuals who items areâ advertisements are made to be the objective market of the organization’s items and administrations. In upgrading fairness and as a demonstration of thought for the financial foundations of clients, the association would guarantee that it costs its items in the most effective manner conceivable with the goal that both the association and the clients are not influenced adversely by the valuing. The items and administrations of the association ought to be set at a reasonable cost. Overpricing would frighten clients and this would prompt diminished deals by the association just as denied access to items and administrations because of a powerless financial capacity and foundation of clients (Adams, 2013). The authoritative items and administrations ought to be in accordance with the otherworldly convictions and exercises of the individuals. On the off chance that an item or a help sends an inappropriate message to the profound first class of a spot, at that point the item or administration ought not be sold at that specific to keep away from clashes with the individuals (Hodge, 2001). The items and serves of an association ought to be fit for use by clients at various age sections. The items and administrations of the association would be enhanced so as to guarantee that they meet the necessities of individuals at all age bunches without separation. This would make a more extensive shopper base for the results of the organization and it would make it simpler for clients to choose items and administrations as per what suits them best (Hodge, 2001).  Team Building and Collaboration in the Organization Team fabricating and advancing a cooperative soul among workers is one of the most f undamental methods of improving expanded profitability in the association. In upgrading group assembling, the accompanying ought to be done or attempted; Create working gatherings in the association where each gathering has plainly expressed and characterized objectives to accomplish toward the finish of a working movement, guarantee that the job to be played by every single individual in the group is all around characterized to jobs and powers to abstain from abrogating forces and obligations and guarantee that gatherings to survey the exhibition of the group are done consistently. Along these lines, a solid and considerable group would be fabricated and this would make it simple to oversee colleagues and simultaneously, upgrade the efficiency of colleagues and the association overall (Donna, 2012). Supplant the level two heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in strong text style. Assessment Evaluation is vital in guaranteeing that workers in the association stay beneficial and significant to the association. Assessment would be done on a yearly premise to set up those representatives who should be advanced and the individuals who need further preparing. Reaction from customers would be utilized and applied to upgrade and enhance the activities of the organization with the goal that the necessities and prerequisites of the clients can be met. Staff individuals inside the office would be counseled on different issues in the association to guarantee that choices made are in the best of their inclinations and cause them to feel more as a component of the association. Having an office experience quarterly assessments to check whether the association of the office is functioning admirably for experts and customers. Customers are constantly urged to give criticism on the administrations they get and in transit the office is being ran. This criticism causes us figure out what to change for future assessments. Criticism can be left by study, web and by individual. Taking everything into account, helping people is a procedure that engages society by following up on issues that they characterize as significant, an association endeavors to show people abilities and information that will inspire them to find a way to improve their own lives. References 1. Adams, R. (2003). Social work and strengthening. Palgrave: Macmillan. 2. Cowger, C. (1994). Surveying customer qualities: clinical appraisal for customer strengthening. Social Work, 262 †268. 3. Donna, H. (2012). Relational Social Work Skills for Community Practice. Springer Publishing Company. 4. Hodge, D. (2001). Otherworldly appraisal: an audit of major subjective techniques and another system for evaluating otherworldliness. Social Work , 203-214

Project Finance Of The Turkana Wind Power Project Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction The project proposal was made in 2009 and is to be located in Kenya, at the southern end of Lake Turkana. The project has a concession area of about 150Km2 for 99 years renewable every 33 years and the project is expected to last 25-30 years. The aim of the project is to Finance Build Own and Operate (FBOO) a 300 MW wind farm beside Lake Turkana. The wind farm will have 353 wind turbines each with a capacity of 850 kW and it will produce an equivalent of 17% of Kenyas current power generation capacity, with the potential to power approximately 2 million Kenyan households. The project will also Finance Build Own Operate and Transfer (FBOOT) one (1) power transmission substation, one (1) terminal substation and a 428Km, 400kV transmission line from Lake Turkana to the grid at Suswa. Most of the equipment will be imported and the route for the transfer of equipment from the port to the project site is approximately 1,200 km hence the project will also include road constructions, upgrades and adjustments. Approximately 4,000 truck loads (to and fro) will be required and transportation will be done mostly at night. The project is expected to cost 780MUSD and it will be financed through equity and commercial loans. Kenya traditionally relies on hydropower which is much cheaper than wind generated power hence the tariff is expected to be higher. Electricity generated will be purchased by Kenya Power and Lighting Company (KPLC) and distributed to consumers in Kenya. KPLC buys all the electricity generated in Kenya and handles transmission and distribution. KPLC is a monopoly hence negotiations on tariff will be tough. The United Nations (UN) pays some monetary compensation to companies for reduction in emissions of CO2. The project expects to generate average emission reductions of 919,060 tonnes of CO2 per year which translates to about 12MEuro per year of carbon credit. The project is proposing to share some of the carbon credit revenue with KPLC as part of negotiations for a favorable tariff. The LTWP is being developed by a consortium of individuals, international and local companies. The table below shows members of the consortium. Company/Individual Background/Information Anset Africa Project Development and Management Company Globeleq UK based company focussed on pr oviding reliable power in emerging markets (Africa, America, Asia ) KPP B.V. Development Operation of Wind Energy Projects Mr. Willem Dolleman Dutch Kenyan Resident Mr. Henk Hutting Dutch Mr. John Thiongo Mwangi Kenyan Mr. Kasper Paardekooper Dutch Mr. Ed Schieke Belgian Mr. Chris Stanbo Norwegian Mr. Carlo Van Wageningen Italian/Dutch Mr. Harry Wassenaar Dutch The project has the following partners: Partner Background/Information Anjarwall Khanna Kenyan corporate law firm/legal advisers Carbon Africa Carbon project development company with headquarters in Kenya German Wind Energy Institute Wind measurement and consulting services KPMG Financial Management and Auditing Mammoet Europe B.V. Dutch company specialised in heavy lifting and extreme transport solutions Schick Consulting Belgian company providing research and consulting on energy systems and connection to existing networks Vestas Benalux B.V. Wind technology provider since 1979 Analysis The project will be critically examined in the following areas: Benefits Finance Revenue Transportation Risks Benefits Profit for investors Reliable source of energy for economic development Being a pioneer project, its success will lead to proliferation of wind projects in Kenya and other developing regions Generation of employment for locals during the construction and operations phase Upgrade of the road system Increase in government revenue through the payment of tax Improvement in trade balance due to reduction in oil imports used for electricity generation Due to rising fuel prices and the non-sustainability of oil as a source of energy, the project has the potential to reduce the price of electricity in the long run As with most Public Private Partnerships, only the first benefit will accrue to the private sector, the rest goes to the public sector and the private sector cannot tap in them! Finance The project is expected to cost 780 MUSD. The project will be fully financed by the private sector using debt and equity. This means the cost of capital will be high compared to a government funded project. This will potentially make tariffs higher and the payback period longer. The major cost on the project will be wind turbines which will be procured from Europe. This introduces the risk of currency fluctuation and currency convertibility. To reduce this risk, estimates and contracts for wind turbines and should be made in the currency of the suppliers, in this case in Euro. Estimates for local labor, transportation and materials should be done in Kenyan currency. Finance should be scheduled to coincide with expenditure to reduce payments on interests. Inflation should be included in the estimate and provision should be made for changes in inflation rate. Revenue The project expects to get its revenue mainly through tariffs. Additional revenue of about 12 MEuro per annum of carbon credit is expected. Sales agreements should be made in such a way that both the public and private sector bears the usage risk. This can be by the public sector paying the private sector for availability there by managing the usage risk. Transportation Most of the major equipment will be imported through the sea ports and transported by road from the ports to the project site over a distance of about 1,200 Km. This will create marine cargo, transport and delay risks. These risks are insurable and should form part of the total project cost. Risk The risk of availability, reliability and maintainability can be shared with equipment suppliers by having them include the cost of personnel training and equipment maintenance in their proposals. This will form a long term contract that will cover the project life cycle. The contract should also share the risks of technology change with the suppliers. For this project, the supplier of the equipment has been listed as one of the partners; this might be a risk reduction strategy, depending on the details of the agreement. Concessions and licenses will be required from the government during the project. This has the potential to cause delays in the project. To reduce this risk, the project should assign an individual specifically dedicated to ensuring that all concessions and licenses are obtained on schedule. Since government is responsible for granting concessions and licenses, the agreement between the private sector partners and government should include a clause that ensures any additional cost or losses to the project as a result of delay approvals by government agencies will be borne by the government. Alternately, the contract can specify the maximum number of days between formal and proper submission of requests for concessions/licenses by the private sector partners and receipt of a response from government agencies. If the duration is exceeded without a response, it should be deemed approved. As with most emerging economies, there is poor infrastructure most especially in terms of governance. The horn of Africa where the wind turbines will pass en-route Kenya has recently been a nest of pirates. Kenya also experienced some unrest during the last elections. These should be factored in before the final investment decision by making the hurdle rate of IRR high and including adequate contingency reserves in the project cost. In defining situations where either party can call for a force majeure, war, civil disturbance and any change in legislati on that significantly affects project economics should be included. The project should include local (host) communities that will be affected by the projects activities in their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program. It has been shown in many developing economies that if not properly consulted and informed, local (host) communities can cause delays, disruption and in extreme cases outright cancellation of infrastructure projects. Estimates of revenues should be conservative, inflation and risk should be factored in estimates of cost. Sensitivity analysis and parametric discounting should be done to identify parameters that have significant influence on project economics. These parameters should be analyzed to reduce probability / impact on project economics. Reflections on Lessons Learned During the 5 day workshop, the following were learnt: Importance of having individuals/organizations that will be responsible for making sure the project achieves the desired outcomes and goals. The cost of finance can be as high as 60% of the project cost! Hence sources of finance should be carefully evaluated to minimize cost of finance and care should be taken in calculating revenue, cost, cost of capital, working capital, fixed capital, operating costs, administrative costs and depreciation. Debts should be structured to coincide with the time when the finance will be needed to reduce cost of finance. Depreciation should be factored in the cost of infrastructure projects. Also, in order to ensure that the facility continues to serve its purpose, a sum of money equal to the amount of depreciation should be spent annually on maintenance. If an asset is to be replaced after a specific number of years, it should be depreciated annually in such a way that the total amount k ept for depreciation will be able to replace it with a new one at the end of its service period. Project finance can be appraised using tools such as contribution, gross profit, operating profit, profit before tax, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Profitability Index (PI). It is necessary to be conservative in calculating inflows and to make outflow higher than expected in order to minimize risk. The concept of notional shares, notional value, book value and market capitalization of a company was learnt. 100% of project finance must be in place before a project can start. Various finance options are available and an increasingly popular source of finance is Islamic finance. The part on PPPs was very revealing and of great interest to me. My country, Nigeria is just venturing into this type of arrangement and the program has highlighted the risks, advantages and disadvantages as well as proposals for sharing ri sks between all stake holders. Risk should be transferred according to ability to manage them- (R. Turner, 2010). My teams presentation is part of my learning curve in team work; it gets better with each assignment. The team studied the case together and agreed on responsibilities of each team member. However, as we progressed some members handled tasks outside their assigned tasks like preparing the final slides. Team members sought and got assistance from other team members during the case study. One of my learning experiences is that presentations should be simple and straight to the point. The right type and amount of graphics should be used. My team also identified and analyzed the risks but did not provide any good plans for avoiding, transferring, mitigating or accepting the risks. It is important to have a practical risk response strategy for a project. It is equally important to update the risk register as the project progresses. During the sensitivity analysis, my team only concentrated on the fuel price and Equity Risk Premium (ERP) instead of analyzing the project sensitivity to all the variables. Sensitivity analysis is a risk reduction strategy as such it should involve all the variables concerned. FBOO is a very difficult concept because although it is built, owned and operated by the private sector, the government always remains involved. In FBOOT arrangements, one disadvantage is risks are not shared based on capability to handle the risks. For example by bundling together construction, operation and maintenance, the companies that are good at construction might not be good at operations and maintenance hence these aspects of the project should not be lumped together. At what point should the asset be transferred to the government? This is usually determined by financial considerations, which is, when the private sector has recovered capital and made profits not according to when the public sector will be more capable of h andling the risks. Hence FBOOT projects are not based on the best possible arrangement, but on the best political framework or the best way of shifting tax between levels of government. Conclusion This paper analyzed Lake Turkana Wind Power Project in terms of benefits, finance, revenue, transportation and risks. Apart from profits, all benefits will accrue to the government. The private sector is taking all the risks on this project. Usage risk should be taken by the government and equipment, maintenance and technology risk should be borne by the equipment suppliers. Government should also bare the risk of delays in approving concessions and licenses. Transportation, marine and delay risks should be insured. Considering the location of the project, there should be contingency reserves and the hurdle rate of IRR should be high. The project is supposed to start electricity generation by June 2011 and is to be completed in July 2012, if all project finance has been secured; government has consistently refused to be part of the funding and the global economic meltdown has reduced sources of credit for investors. This also means that the cost of capital may be high and payback period may be longer. The world is moving towards renewable energy and this project has huge potential to succeed if the factors mentioned in this paper are taken into consideration.

The Absolute Biggest Threat That Our World Faces Today Is...

The absolute biggest threat that our world faces today is global mass corruption. A comprehensive report suggests that Afghanistan, Somalia, and North Korea are among worst regions in terms of corruption. Transparency International is the firm in which has established the Corruption Perceptions Index. The index is based on the collaborated global professional opinion of many intellects in order to define the measured perceived levels of public sector corruption. The score a nation receives in the report determine just how corrupt it may be. The index scores range from 0-100. A score of zero would indicate absolute corruption. Conversely, a score of 100 would indicate a minimal or tolerable amount of corruption that may seem unnoticed. Not even one nation scored a perfect 100. Only a few came with in the 90’s-100 range, and they just so happened to be in the extra low 90’s. The average score globally among all countries was a frightening 43 on the index, signifying mass worldwide corruption. In fact, 68 percent of the countries scored below the middle range score of 50 on the index. This figure amounts to 6 billion people that are living in areas with a major corruption issue. I will be focusing on the three countries who had the lowest and most embarrassing CPI scores. http://www.voanews.com/a/report-lists-somalia-north-korea-as-worlds-most-corrupt-countries/3164430.html Gross corruption in Afghanistan has been well documented. A report that studied the rampant corruptionShow MoreRelatedStrenghts and Weaknesses of the South African Economy5649 Words   |  23 PagesWeaknesses of South African Economy Introduction In some ways South Africa is like all other countries, in other ways it is like some others, and in its own, unique way it is like no other country. 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United States Should Adapt Tobacco Free Policies On Their...

Did you know, smoking causes more than† 440,000 deaths† per year? (â€Å"Effects of Tobacco† 1). That is an overwhelming number of deaths that could be prevented if only the individuals did not use tobacco. As of 2008, East Tennessee State University has adopted a tobacco-free policy for not only the safety of students, but their overall mental and physical health as well. That policy has been increasing on college campuses at a nationwide level. As of 2009, the American College Health Association adopted a position statement on a no tobacco use policy that encourages colleges and universities to become 100% tobacco free. As you can assume this has caused major debates on whether these policies should be established or not. In our current society, because of the policy many schools have chosen to be a part of that movement. There are 1,713 smoke free campuses and 1,427 100% tobacco free campuses in the United States. These numbers are substantial. There are many r easons that campuses should adapt tobacco-free policies on their university school grounds. Tobacco should be banned from ETSU, and other college campuses because it is a health hazard to the smokers and bystanders, it encourages individuals to stop smoking or never to start, and it makes the transition from school to the career field much easier. East Tennessee State University should continue to be tobacco-free, because tobacco has an overwhelming effect on all individuals’ health. Smokers of tobacco harm their bodyShow MoreRelatedMarketing Case Study4206 Words   |  17 Pagesmade. They reï ¬â€šect what is considered important and what a company wants to achieve. Mark Pastin, writing on the function of ethics in business decisions, observes: There are fundamental principles, or ground rules, by which organizations act. Like the ground rules of individuals, organizational ground rules determine which actions are possible for the organization and what the actions mean. 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The Life And Studies Of WEB Du free essay sample

The Life And Studies Of W.E.B. Du Bios Essay, Research Paper Theoretical Analysis Paper The Life and Studies of W.E.B. Du Bois Phillip Stayton Social Theory Prof. Wilcox 11/13/2000 William Edward Burghardt Du Bois entered the universe on February 23, 1868. This was less than three old ages after bondage was outlawed. However, his household had been out of bondage for several coevalss. He was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a little small town with merely a smattering of black households. His instructors rapidly made him a favourite, and most of his playfellows were white. At the age of 15 he became a local letter writer for the New York Globe. Du Bois moved to Nashville, Tennessee where he received a scholarship and attended Fisk University. This was the first clip that he discovered that being black was a large portion of his individuality. He spent his summers in Tennessee learning in rural schools. It was at that place that he met # 8220 ; the existent place of slavery. # 8221 ; He had neer seen such poorness in his full life. # 8220 ; I touched closely the lives of the commonest of world # 8211 ; people who ranged from barefooted inhabitants on soil floors, with patched shreds for apparels, to rough hard-working husbandmans, with apparent clean plenty. # 8221 ; ( Hamilton, Her Stories ) . Unlike Massachusetts, Nashville was a southern town that exposed Du Bois to the mundane dogmatism he had escaped turning up. While he was at that place he came in contact with some people that did non believe of him as a normal human being. There is a narrative of one adult female that called him a nigga after she by chance bumped into her. By the terminal of his college old ages Du Bois had begun to take pride in his heritage. Du Bois graduated from Fisk and entered Harvard where he received his A.B. , M.A. and Ph.D. grades. He was the first Afro-american to have a doctors degree from that university. He besides spent two old ages analyzing at the University of Berlin, which was at the clip the universe # 8217 ; s most distinguished centre for advanced research in history. His doctorial thesis was a survey of the attempts to stamp down the African slave trade. He accepted a place instruction at Wilberforce University, a college for black pupils in Ohio. After an unhappy twelvemonth, he left to be a research worker at the University in Pennsylvania. There he studied the Afro-american immigrants to Philadelphia. He published The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study in 1899, the first serious sociological survey of the emerging black urban population. In 1897? Du Bois accepted a new place at Atlanta University. It was at that place that he began to come in the kingdom of political activism that would rule the remainder of his life. He began to assist black people devise a scheme for facing the turning form of favoritism that they were facing. ? ( Microsoft, Encarta E ncyclopedia ) . In 1897 Du Bois accepted a new place at Atlanta University. It was at that place that he began to come in the kingdom of political activism that would take control of the remainder of his life. He began to assist black people come up with a scheme for facing the turning form of favoritism that they were confronting. He came up with a ten-year-cycle survey. This was to happen statistics on morality, concern, instruction, art. environment, faith, and offense in black society? s. After WWI broke out Du Bois planned another survey. This covered the demographics, biological science, socialisation harmonizing to the household, groups, and category. This was a much larger survey. He made this a survey plan that lasted one-hundred-years. . During the 1890s and early 1900s southern provinces passed # 8220 ; Jim Crow Laws # 8221 ; which required black people to remain out of public topographic points that served Whites. Separate eating houses, hotels, railway autos, lavatori es, imbibing fountains, etc. began to look. Southern provinces passed Torahs that required electors to take confounding trials to measure up to vote. African americans responded to these conditions in a assortment of ways. One response was to go forth the South for a more desirable environment, where their rights would be respected and where there was economic chance. A 2nd response was to seek some sort of adjustment within the limited chances Whites were offering. Du Bois proposed a 3rd option. He attacked Washington # 8217 ; s claim that with freedom, Negro leading should hold begun at the plough and non in the Senate. It is easy to see that all throughout Du Bois? life he was covering with the battles of racial favoritism. Merely before he was born the Civil War was taking topographic point. At the start of the American Civil War most white Americans in the North were non willing to contend to stop Southern bondage. They fought alternatively to continue the Union and prevent bondage from distributing into the Western districts. Many opposed spread outing slave district because they believed that slaves were unjust competition to liberate labour. African Americans hoped the Civil War would convey about the abolishment of bondage. In expectancy, they formed military units in many northern metropoliss in the 1850s. War eventually came in the spring of 1861, and eleven Southern provinces seceded from the Union and formed their ain state, the Confederate States of America. The black military units offered their service to the United States, but the federal authorities ab initio refused to accept Africa n American military personnels. Lincoln feared that making so would promote the slaveholding Border States to fall in the Confederacy. Finally, black military personnels were allowed to contend in the ground forces. In the beginning of the war, some northern commanding officers returned slaves to their Masterss, and others forced escapees to work for the U.S. Army. Then, Lincoln turned U.S. war aims toward bondage # 8217 ; s devastation by publishing his Emancipation Proclamation liberating slaves held by those Southerners still in rebellion. During the war, African American soldiers who served in the Union Army were paid less than white soldiers and suffered racialist intervention. Confederates said that they would non handle the captured black soldiers and their white officers as legitimate captives of war. By the terminal of the war, the Union defeated the Confederacy, and bondage came to an terminal. Even before the war ended though, the authorities had begun discoursing how to cover with the wake of the war. In March 1865 the U.S. War Department established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, normally called the Freedmen? s Bureau. But when the war ended, the national authorities had non yet determined how best to reunite the state. Positions on how to handle the defeated Confederacy varied. Some people felt that the South could be reconciled with the Union by merely admiting the abolishment of bondage, while others were convinced that the part? s societal, economic, and political systems would hold to be exhaustively reconstructed. In March 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act which was strengthened by three auxiliary Acts of the Apostless subsequently the same twelvemonth and in 1868. In 1870 the provinces ratified the 15th Amendment. This amendment prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race. Finally, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which forbade racial favoritism in? hostel, public conveyances on l and or H2O, theatres, and other topographic points of amusement. ? The eroding of the South had a large portion to make with this clip period. It consisted of out-migration from the South, the Jim Crow Torahs, sharecropping? Reconstruction failure, and increased disfranchisement. There were besides responses by the African Americans such as rise of populism, ? and racial adjustment which was brought on by Booker T. Washington. The great migration was another event that took topographic point. This was in the early 20th century where turning unemployment and increasing racial force caused inkinesss to travel out of the South. The Harlem Renaissance besides took topographic point and it was followed by the Great Depression. During the 1930s, the NAACP led a vigorous legal conflict against favoritism, concentrating on ways to stop legal segregation, particularly in instruction. In the late 30? s and early 40? s WWII was traveling on. In the early 50? s the battle for equal rights was t raveling on, and in 1955 Rosa Park? s was arrested for her base. Toward the terminal of Du Bois? life, was the start of rights for inkinesss. With batch? s of non-violent protests and the black power party? s, things were looking up for the African Americans. There are two major influences for W.E.B. Du Bois. There was both Karl Marx and Max Weber. These work forces were considered struggle theoreticians because they felt that things in the societal universe do non merely work themselves out. They thought that in order to do it work, people have to work hard and at that place has to be a balance that is kept. As for Marx, his major influence was the Communist Manifesto. This was a declaration of rules and aims made by the Communist League in London in the twelvemonth 1848. In the first subdivision, Marx outlines his theory of history and prophesies an terminal to development. Identifying category battle as the primary dynamic in history, he characterizes the modern universe as the phase for a dramatic confrontation between the opinion middle class, the capitalists and the downtrodden labor, the working category. In the 2nd edition, Marx identifies the Communists as the Alliess and theoretical vanguard of the labor. He emphasizes the neces sity of get rid ofing private belongings, a cardinal alteration in stuff being that will uncloak bourgeois civilization, the ideological look of capitalist economy. The 3rd subdivision, knocking assorted alternate socialist visions of the clip, is now mostly of historical involvement but displays the writer # 8217 ; s formidable polemical accomplishments. The concluding subdivision, which compares Communist tactics to those of other resistance parties in Europe, ends with a clarion call for integrity: # 8220 ; Workers of All Countries, Unite! # 8221 ; ( Ollmen, Marx? s Concept of Man ) . Weber was likely even more of an influence. He believed in the same thing as Marx, but alternatively of establishing it all on money, he came up with Stratification. This was Weber? s one portion of Weber? s nucleus theory. It consisted of three parts. The first was money, which say? s a batch of the same things that Marx stated. The other two that he added are position, or prestigiousness, and p ower. The other two subdivisions of his chief theory were his mentality on organisations, and the manner he grouped political relations. The best manner to understand Du Bois? theories is to look at his two chief properties. The Philadelphia Negro, written in 1899, and The Souls of Black Folk, written subsequently in 1903. These two Hagiographas show how Du Bois idea of society in footings of race. At the bend of the last century, W.E.B. Du Bois walked the streets and back streets of lower Center City, looking for replies to # 8220 ; the Negro problem. # 8221 ; He came to Philadelphia in 1896 believing the universe was believing incorrect about race because it did non cognize the truth about the lives of African Americans. What he found was a # 8220 ; metropolis within a city. ? 40,000 African Americans populating with more than a million Whites, but isolated by race, lodging forms, occupation favoritism and history. They were, in Du Bois # 8217 ; words, ? severely fed, insufficiently clothed and ill housed. ? ( Odom, Philadelphia Story ) . His findings were published 100 old ages ago as The Philadelphia Negro, a really elaborate research and survey of African American life. For the first clip, # 8220 ; the Negro job # 8221 ; was cast as society # 8217 ; s job. The Philadelphia Negro was, ? one of the first works to unite the usage of urban descriptive anthropology, societal history and descriptive details. # 8221 ; ( Lewis, Biography of a Race ) . His book was the first American societal survey of black life to look past stereotypes. He focused on household, lodging, mortality, poorness, societal development and community life, and illustrated his findings with maps and tabular array. Du Bois had to back up the reformists # 8217 ; position that African Americans represented # 8220 ; a social menace, # 8221 ; while bring outing its existent causes, including poorness and limited occupation chances. Part of what comes through is Du Bois # 8217 ; battle with his ain elitism. He was critical of families led by individual female parents, even though his ain male parent had abandoned his female parent. Du Bois introduced the impression that African Americans struggle with a # 8220 ; two-ness # 8221 ; to be black and American, separated from Whites by a # 8220 ; huge veil. # 8221 ; In The Philadelphia Negro he sometimes writes with contempt of inkinesss who do non hold his advantages. He defines for the first clip a caste system in African American life. Classifying people by classs, he labels them # 8220 ; the felons, the hapless, the labourers and the well to make # 8221 ; ( Cavell, A Biography in Four Voices ) . The Philadelphia Negro is really two books. One back uping the reformists # 8217 ; concerns, and another incorporating a # 8220 ; extremist subtext. # 8221 ; Throughout the book Du Bois delivers interesting reviews of African Americans, so follows with ailments about societal subjugation, unequal schools, and unfair imprisonments and occupation favoritism. Du Bois besides addresses the personal kineticss of race dealingss. He said that if an Afric an American meets a womb-to-tomb white friend on the street, he is in a quandary ; if he does non recognize the friend he is considered impolite ; if he does recognize the friend he is apt to be ignored. When presented with The Philadelphia Negro, reformists looked at it, but did perfectly nil about it. The book was praised in scholarly diaries, but referees overlooked Du Bois # 8217 ; wide review of the unfair intervention of inkinesss. W.E.B. Du Bois # 8217 ; s Souls of Black Folk, a aggregation of autobiographical and historical essays contains many subjects. There is the subject of psyches and their attainment of consciousness, the subject of dual consciousness and the comparing of black life and civilization ; but one of the most dramatic subjects is that of # 8220 ; the veil. # 8221 ; The head covering provides a nexus between the 14 apparently unconnected essays that make up The Souls of Black Folk. Mentioned at least one time in most of the 14 essays it means that, # 82 20 ; the Negro is a kind of 7th boy, born with a head covering, and gifted with 2nd sight in this American universe, -a universe with outputs him no true uneasiness, but merely lets him see himself through the disclosure of the other universe. It is a curious esthesis, this dual consciousness, this sense of ever looking at one # 8217 ; s self through the eyes of others. ? ( Du Bois, His Day in Marching On ) . The head covering is a metaphor for the separation and unobserved life of black? s and their being in America. Du Bois # 8217 ; s veil metaphor, # 8220 ; In those drab woods of his endeavoring his ain psyche rose before him, and he saw himself, -darkly as though through a head covering? ( Du Bois, His Day in Marching On ) is a allusion to Saint Paul # 8217 ; s line in Isaiah 25:7, # 8220 ; And he will destruct in this mountain the face of the covering dramatis personae over all people, and the head covering that is spread over all nations. ? ( KJV, Holy Bible ) . Saint Pau l # 8217 ; s usage of the head covering in Isaiah and subsequently in Second Corinthians is similar to Du Bois # 8217 ; usage of the metaphor of the head covering. Both authors claim that every bit long as one is wrapped in the veil their efforts to derive uneasiness will neglect because they will ever see the image of themselves reflect back to them by others. Du Bois applies this by claiming that every bit long as on is behind the head covering merely lets him see himself through the disclosure of the other universe. He does non claim that exceeding the head covering will take to a better apprehension of the Godhead but like Saint Paul he finds that merely through exceeding # 8220 ; the head covering # 8221 ; can people accomplish autonomy and derive uneasiness. The head covering metaphor is symbolic of the invisibleness of inkinesss in America. Du Bois says that Blacks in America are a disregarded people, # 8220 ; after the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuto n and Mongolian, the Negro is a kind of 7th boy, born with a veil. ? ( Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk ) . The invisibleness of Black being in America is one of the grounds why Du Bois writes The Souls of Black Folk in order to clarify the # 8220 ; unseeable # 8221 ; history and nisuss of Black Americans. Du Bois in each of the his chapters attempts to attest the nisuss of Black being from that of the Reconstruction period to the black spirituals and the narratives of rural black kids that he tried to educate. Du Bois? stress the prognostic power of sociology sing the racial struggles that continue to blight are species and urges the liberty of the black community. ? ( Collins A ; Makowsky, The Discovery of Society ) . Affirmative action plans promote equal representation of minority groups in the American workplace and public schools. It seeks to rectify the effects of favoritism of specific groups through the force of Torahs and ordinances. In pattern, affirmatory action can be a inactive attempt or an aggressive attack to rectify historic forms of racial favoritism. Unfortunately, through the old ages, affirmatory action has changed from equal chance for everyone to discriminatory intervention of minority groups. The original construct involved merely inactive attempts such as encouraging establishments to do deliberate efforts to include minorities in employment and in college registration. In recent old ages, affirmatory action has become an aggressive attempt that requires and measures minority representation. As a consequence, affirmatory action has produced unwanted jobs in the American civilization. The term affirmatory action was foremost used in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy. In 1954 , the Brown determination [ Brown v. Board of Education ] required racial integration in schools and other public topographic points. The Brown determination led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act, shortly supplemented by the Voting Rights Act and the Fair Housing Act. This was the beginning of public consciousness to the racial favoritism issue. Many inkinesss today still experience the effects of racial favoritism. Affirmative action was created to give inkinesss equal educational and employment chances. It has helped many black people attend establishments of higher instruction and obtain better occupation chances, but it has failed to make the end of relieving racial favoritism. Racial favoritism is prevailing in the hiring patterns used by concerns in America. Today, the best qualified applier using for a occupation will non needfully be the applier that is hired. All public, private or non-profit concerns with more than 15 employees must follow with the Equal Employment Op portunity Commission. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission has the authorization to prosecute any concern for favoritism if the per centum of minorities hired is much lower than the per centum of minorities using. Supporters of affirmatory action insist that inkinesss are trainable even if they are non the best qualified campaigner. In some state of affairss in which inkinesss are badly underrepresented, run intoing a numerical end may necessitate choosing a specific figure of inkinesss that are merely fundamentally qualified to make the occupation. Oppositions of affirmatory action argue that inkinesss who get the occupations do non acquire them on their ain virtue but obtain them because of the colour of their tegument. If W.E.B. Du Bois were here today, it is about without a uncertainty that he would be right in the center of this. He may non hold with the manner the affirmatory action plan is traveling, but he would certainly be on the side that is puching for black right s. The manner things are traveling though, and with the things we have gathered from Du Bois? rap, it would be easy to conceive of that he would come up with another program that would profit minorities, but besides make the difficult worker, or the one with the most skills the opportunity to win. Plants Cited 1. Cavell, Colin S. Video. A Biography in Four Voices. San Francisco, California: Newsreal, 1978. 2. Collins, Randell, Makowsky, Michael. The Discovery of Society. Boston Massachusetts: The McGraw # 8211 ; Hill Companies, Inc. 1998. 3. Du Bois, Shirley G. His Day in Marching on, Memories of W.E.B. Du Bois. 4. Du Bois, W.E.B. The Soul of Black Folk. New York: Bantam Co. 1903. 5. KJV, Holy Bible, Isaiah 25:7. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Publishers. 1976 6. Lewis, David L. Biography of a Race. H Holf A ; Co. 1968-1919 7. Hamilton, Virginia, Her Stories, African American Folktales, Fairy Tales, and True Tales. 1995 8. Odom, Maida, Philadelphia Story. Philadelphia Newspaper Inc. 1999 9. Ollmen, Bertell, Alienation: Marx? s Concept of Man in Capitalist Society. 1977 10. Microsoft, Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft Corporation, Http: //encarta/msn.com. 1997-2000. 352

Otter Box Companys economic state

Introduction Otter Box Company was established in 1998 by Curt Richardson and has a trademark for waterproof electronics. These are its main products. The company’s main objective is to create protective solutions to handle manufacturers. It helps consumers who frequently break their devices to have utter protection for their phones when engaging in active lifestyle. The company has its headquarters in Fort Collins, Colorado with Brian Thomas as the president and Chief Executive Officer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Otter Box Company’s economic state specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Otter Box Company is a privately held corporation which operates as a ‘separate legal person’ and whose shares have no public market. The founders, management and private investors are among the owners of this business. Otter Box Company deals in phone cases whose market demand rises day by day. This is because of consumers’ current lifestyle and the development of technology. They expose hand-held gadgets to damaging components and are willing to buy more phone cases even if the prices increase. The wide-tax burden on sales offered by Otter Box Company can be levied on the seller. It is only in completely inelastic or elastic cases where tax burden is levied on either the buyer or the seller. The phone cases have a completely elastic demand hence creating an inelastic supply. This forces their sellers to shoulder majority of the tax. The demand for phone cases is derived from the market demand for smart phones. More smart phones in the market create the need for phone cases. As a result, this demand is not a primary demand but derived. The idea of creating a company that provides phone accessories to consumers, therefore, came from the increased demand for smart phones. Otter Box competes in an oligopolistic market structure where few companies offer phone cases thus leadin g to high prices. The company’s innovation came up in 1998 and has since dominated due to few companies in the same industry. A report in communication done by Syracuse University in 2001 showed that there were few companies which manufactured phone cases despite the increasing demand (Sharp, 45). Otter Box experiences external economies of scale where the size of an industry determines the prices of phone cases (Luxembourg, 86). The company is large in size hence produces more phone cases as compared to others. Fixed costs are, therefore, shared in the sales of numerous phone cases. This company can increase its economy of scale by increasing the size of raw materials and hiring a production and maintenance manager. If I were the owner of Otter Box, I would produce 300 phone cases every month. Assuming my manufacturing cost would be $18 for each, I would sell them at $26 each to achieve a gross profit of $24000 per month. This lies within 31% profit margin.Advertising L ooking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to a high demand for phone cases, I would hire a production manager to keep operation perfect. This would increase production to 6000 cases. Another additional worker that I would consider employing is a full time Maintenance-manager to work on the machines instead of contracting outsiders because it is relatively expensive. Conclusion Through the innovative spirit of its founder, Otter Box has proved to be the best provider of phone cases. It is able to provide competitive wages to its employees due to the increasing demand of phone cases and the oligopolistic market structure. The external economies of scale create a potential for future growth hence the company is at a stable economic state. Works Cited Economies of Scale. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000. Print. Sharp, Nancy W. Communications Research: The Challenge of the Information Age. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2001. Print. This report on Otter Box Company’s economic state was written and submitted by user George Madden to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.